The principle of protecting legitimate expectations, a key element of the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard, has become central…
Background In December 2015, the Italian government enacted Law No. 208/2015, banning offshore hydrocarbon production within 12 nautical miles of…
Introduction On 16 January 2025, AG Ćapeta delivered the Opinion in Seraing v. FIFA et al., holding that EU law…
The Decision on Jurisdiction, Liability and Directions on Quantum in Eco Oro v Colombia (Liability Decision) was rendered by an…
In Montauk Metals v Colombia, an ICSID tribunal has recently rendered its Award on 7 June 2024, finding that Colombia…
In Investor-State arbitration, argumentation regarding human rights and environmental protection has been controversial. This tension between investment law and human…
On 24 May 2023, Justice Fraser issued a comprehensive judgment in Infrastructure Services Luxembourg v Kingdom of Spain, rejecting Spain’s defences…
Introduction Climate pledges are an ever growing means for committing to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2030-2040. Although climate pledges could…
The Maldives is an island nation having around 5,40,000 people and dispersed across 185 islands. The country has been a development success…
The judgment handed down by the UK Supreme Court (UKSC) in October 2020 in Enka v Chubb was regarded as a seminal…